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Mycorrhizal Fungi Getting to the Root of Things
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Plants have lived in close community with certain fungi for millions of years. The microorganisms provide them with vital mineral salts such as phosphate, and in return, they supply the fungi with carbohydrates. These ancient workers offer a "team system" that functions to support plant growth and health. The fungus starts life alone as a tiny spore: a round little survival capsule, a mere one millimeter but full of provisions, until the day arrives when it germinates. With a little luck, a root will grow very close by at that very moment, and the establishment of contact begins. Not through touch, but chemically, through molecules.
If there is no root available the spore retracts its hyphae, waiting relying on its energy reserves in the capsule for several more attempts. When it tries again and finds a new seedling and plant and fungus have recognized each other, the first physical contact will take place. The hyphae branch out and place a small foot on the root. They adhere to it using round plates and the fungus penetrates the root. The cells of the root skin actively prepare and make space for the fungus. They reorganize their entire cellular skin and form a tunnel through which the fungus hyphae can grow. The web-like threads grow between the cells and further on to the middle of the root. Their destination is the cells inside the root cortex that surround the central cylinder. This contains the vascular bundles that convey water and nutrients to the above ground parts of the plant. The glucose that is vital to the fungus also arrives here from the opposite direction. This plant-fungus association provides hundreds if not thousands of new access points to uptake nutrients and water, leading to significant savings in fertilizer costs. |